Slavey_language, Slavey_language Information, Slavey


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Slavey
Spoken in:	Canada
Region:	Northwest Territories
Total speakers:	Total: 2,670 North Slavey: 1,065 South Slavey: 1,605 Statistics Canada: 2006 Census
Language family:	Na-Dené Athabaskan-Eyak Athabaskan Northern Slavey
Official status
Official language in:	Northwest Territories
Regulated by:	no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	`den`
ISO 639-3:	variously: `den` — Slave (Athapascan) `scs` — North Slavey `xsl` — South Slavey
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Slavey (also Slave) (pronounced: [slevi]) is an Athabaskan language spoken among the Slavey First Nations people of Canada in the Northwest Territories where it is also has official status. Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988 (as amended 1988, 1991-1992, 2003)

In older literature, the name of the language was spelt Slave; however, the connotations of this, along with the pronunciation of the homograph slave (the final e should be pronounced) have caused the change to Slavey instead.

The language is written using Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics or the Latin alphabet.

Slavey was the native language spoken by the fictional band in the Canadian television series, North of 60. Nick Sibbeston, a former Premier of the Northwest Territories, was a Slavey language and cultural consultant for the show.

North Slavey language and South Slavey language

North Slavey language is spoken by the Sahtu people in the Mackenzie District along the middle Mackenzie River from Fort Norman north, around Great Bear Lake, and in the Mackenzie Mountains of the Canadian territory of Northwest Territories.

Statistics: Speakers: 1,065 (2006 Statistics Canada)

Alternate names: Slavi, Dené, Mackenzian, Slave

Dialects: Hare, Bearlake, Mountain

South Slavey language or Dene-thah, is spoken in the region of Great Slave Lake, upper Mackenzie River and drainage in Mackenzie District, northeast Alberta, northwest British Columbia.

Statistics: Speakers: 1,605 (2006 Statistics Canada)

Alternate names: Slavi, Slave, Dené, Mackenzian

Sounds

Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See Help:IPA for a pronunciation key.

Consonants

Bearlake

The 35 consonants of Bearlake:

		Bilabial	Alveolar		Post-alveolar	Velar		Glottal
		Bilabial	central	lateral	Post-alveolar	plain	labial	Glottal
Stop	unaspirated	p	t			k	kʷ
	aspirated		tʰ			kʰ	kʷʰ
	ejective		tʼ			kʼ	kʼʷ	ʔ
Affricate	unaspirated		ʦ	tɬ	ʧ
	aspirated		ʦʰ	tɬʰ	ʧʰ
	ejective		ʦʼ	tɬʼ	ʧʼ
Nasal		m	n
Fricative	voiceless		s	ɬ	ʃ	x	ʍ	h
Fricative	voiced		z	ɮ	ʒ	ɣ
Approximant					j		w

Hare

The 30 (or 31) consonants of Hare:

		Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar		Post-alveolar	Velar		Glottal
		Bilabial	Labiodental	central	lateral	Post-alveolar	plain	labial	Glottal
Stop	unaspirated	p		t			k	kʷ
	aspirated			tʰ			kʰ
	ejective			tʼ			kʼ		ʔ
Affricate	unaspirated			ʦ	tɬ	ʧ
Affricate	ejective			ʦʼ	tɬʼ	ʧʼ
Nasal		m		n
Flap				(ɾ)
Fricative	voiceless		f	s	ɬ	ʃ	x		h
Fricative	voiced			z	ɮ	ʒ	ɣ
Approximant	plain					j		w
Approximant	preglottalized							ʔw

For some speakers of Hare, /ɾ/ has developed into a separate phoneme.

Mountain

The 33 consonants of Mountain:

		Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar		Post-alveolar	Velar	Glottal
		Bilabial	Labiodental	central	lateral	Post-alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Stop	unaspirated	p		t			k
	aspirated	pʰ		tʰ			kʰ
	ejective	pʼ		tʼ			kʼ	ʔ
Affricate	unaspirated			ʦ	tɬ	ʧ
	aspirated			ʦʰ	tɬʰ	ʧʰ
	ejective			ʦʼ	tɬʼ	ʧʼ
Nasal		m		n
Fricative	voiceless		f	s	ɬ	ʃ	x	h
Fricative	voiced		v	z	ɮ	ʒ	ɣ
Approximant						j

Slavey (proper)

The 34 (or 35) consonants of Slavey (proper):

		Bilabial	Labio-velar	Interdental	Alveolar		Post-alveolar	Velar	Glottal
		Bilabial	Labio-velar	Interdental	central	lateral	Post-alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Stop	unaspirated	(p)			t			k
	aspirated				tʰ			kʰ
	ejective				tʼ			kʼ	ʔ
Affricate	unaspirated			t̪ᶿ	ʦ	tɬ	ʧ
	aspirated			t̪ᶿʰ	ʦʰ	tɬʰ	ʧʰ
	ejective			t̪ᶿʼ	ʦʼ	tɬʼ	ʧʼ
Nasal		m			n
Fricative	voiceless			θ	s	ɬ	ʃ	x	h
Fricative	voiced			ð	z	ɮ	ʒ	ɣ
Approximant			w				j

Phonological processes

The following phonological and phonetic statements apply to all four dialects of Slavey.

Unaspirated obstruents are either voiceless or weakly voiced, e.g.
- /k/ → [k] or [k̬]
Aspirated obstruents are strongly aspirated.
Ejectives are strongly ejective.
When occurring between vowels, ejectives are often voiced, e.g.
- /kʼ/ → [ɡˀ] or [kʼ]
/ʦʰ/ is usually strongly velarized, i.e. [tˣ].
Velars are palatalized before front vowels, e.g.
- /kɛ/ → [cɛ]
- /xɛ/ → [çɛ]
- /ɣɛ/ → [ʝɛ]
Velar fricatives may be labialized before round vowels.
- The voiceless fricative is usually labialized, e.g.
  - /xo/ → [xʷo]
- The voiced fricative is optionally labialized and may additionally be defricated e.g.
  - /ɣo/ → [ɣo] or [ɣʷo] or [wo]
Velar stops are also labialized before round vowels. These labialized velars are not as heavily rounded as labial velars (which occur in Bearlake and Hare), e.g.
- /ko/ → [kʷo]
- /kʷo/ → [k̹ʷwo]
Lateral affricates are sometimes velar, i.e.
- /tɬ/ → [tɬ] or [kɬ]
- /tɬʰ/ → [tɬʰ] or [kɬʰ]
- /tɬʼ/ → [tɬʼ] or [kɬʼ]
/x/ may be velar or glottal, i.e.
- /x/ → [x] or [h]

Vowels

a [a]
e [e]
ə [ə]
i [i]
o [o]
u [u]
nasal vowels are marked with an ogonek accent, e.g., ą [ą]

Tone

Slavey has two tones:

high
low

In Slavey orthography, high tone is marked with an acute accent, and low tone is unmarked.

Tones are both lexical and grammatical.

Lexical: /ɡáh/ \'along\' vs. /ɡàh/ \'rabbit\'

Grammar

^{This short section requires expansion.}

Notes

References

Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521232287 (hbk); ISBN 052129875X.
Rice, Keren. (1989). A grammar of Slave. Mouton grammar library (No. 5). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-010779-1.

Slavey_language

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